Although some organisms are also incapable of independent survival and live as obligatory intracellular parasites, they are capable of independent metabolism and procreation. Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are incapable of autonomous reproduction, growth or metabolism.

Several contributions are responses to the suggestion that the category of 'organism' may well not be adequate in biology.

There has been controversy about the best way to define the organism and indeed about whether or not such a definition is necessary. A superorganism is an organism consisting of many individuals working together as a single functional or social unit. Many definitions exclude viruses and possible man-made non-organic life forms, as viruses are dependent on the biochemical machinery of a host cell for reproduction. Dictionary definitions can be broad, using phrases such as 'any living structure, such as a plant, animal, fungus or bacterium, capable of growth and reproduction'. Definitions Р”Р„n organism may be defined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life. There is a long tradition of defining organisms as self-organizing beings, going back at least to Immanuel Kant's 1790 Critique of Judgment.

It is directly related to the term 'organization'. 'instrument, implement, tool, organ of sense or apprehension') first appeared in the English language in 1703 and took on its current definition by 1834 ( Oxford English Dictionary). 7.3 Future of life (cloning and synthetic organisms).In 2016, a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms was identified. More than 99% of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived are estimated to be extinct. Fungi, animals and plants are examples of kingdoms of organisms within the eukaryotes.Р”В®stimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 2 million to 1 trillion, of which over 1.7 million have been documented. Eukaryotic organisms are characterized by the presence of a membrane-bound cell nucleus and contain additional membrane-bound compartments called organelles (such as mitochondria in animals and plants and plastids in plants and algae, all generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria). Prokaryotes are represented by two separate domainsР’В РІР‚вЂњ bacteria and archaea. Beetles, squids, tetrapods, mushrooms, and vascular plants are examples of multicellular organisms that differentiate specialized tissues and organs during development.Р”Р„ unicellular organism may be either a prokaryote or a eukaryote. All types of organisms are capable of reproduction, growth and development, maintenance, and some degree of response to stimuli. Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi or unicellular microorganisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea. All organisms are composed of cells ( cell theory). In biology, an organism (from Ancient Greek Р±Р…вЂћРџРѓРћС–РћВ±РћР…РћС—РћР… (Р“С–rganon)Р’В 'instrument, implement, tool', and -Рћв„–РџС“РћСРџРЉРџвЂљ (-ismР“С–s)) is any organic, living system that functions as an individual entity. Polypore fungi and angiosperm trees are large many-celled eukaryotes.

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